Forbes: Did Piracy Concerns Push Jay-Z's 4:44 to All Outlets except Spotify?
Panos A. Panay, vice president of innovation and strategy, is quoted as an expert in this article by Adrienne Gibbs for Forbes, which discusses Jay-Z's recent choice to release his new album 4:44 on most streaming platforms with the exception of Spotify. The article discusses different views on this point, and Panay points out that Jay-Z may have avoided Spotify merely because it his his own platform's (Tidal) main competitor.
Panay also refers to how Jay-Z's exclusive distribution techniques have created obstacles for the audience, bringing about the unavoidable growth of piracy.